Highland Clearances
(Above image is a capture of a Clearance House ruin at Glen Almond in Perthshire.)
The term Highland Clearances refers to an unhappy period of
Scotland’s history when large numbers of tenant farmers and their families were
evicted, in many cases forcibly, from their homes and land in order to make way
for ranch style sheep farming, an activity considered more profitable by the
major land owners of the day.
By way of background, much of the land in Scotland’s
Highlands and Islands was (as it still is) owned by a small number of
aristocrats and others. Until commencement of the Clearances in the mid- 18th
century the productive land was rented out to large numbers of tenants who
lived in very basic accommodation and farmed their (relatively small) portion
of land on a subsistence basis. The tenants had no effective protection in law
and were totally beholden to the landlords.
During the period 1750-1860 large numbers of the tenants
were evicted and the land converted to sheep farming. The sheep were farmed for
their wool whereas today, whilst Scotland has about 1.5 sheep for every citizen,
the main product from sheep is lamb meat with wool a by-product of marginal
value.
In many cases the tenant evictions were ruthless with
landlords burning the (thatched) roofs off the tenants’ houses to prevent them
returning. However, some landlords were relatively benign.
A major social catastrophe was avoided because the Clearances
coincided with (a) the Industrial Revolution in Scotland and England which
triggered a huge demand for labour and (b) countries such as those in North
America and Australasia were receptive to large scale immigration.
Many of the dispossessed emigrated and today many persons
with Scottish ancestry in U.S.A, Canada, Australia and New Zealand can trace
back to the time of the Clearances.
It is worthy of note that the Clearance process was handled
in an orderly manner and in many cases the local kirk (Church of Scotland)
disseminated information on evictions timetables during Sunday services as such
was the best and credible means of communicating with the tenantry at a time when
most people attended church and no other media channel was available.
Today, with benefit of careful research and diligence many
of the Clearance Villages can be found because the walls were built of stone
and are still partially intact in a ‘ghost town’ type setting.
For visitors wishing to connect with the Clearance era then
the following sites are suggested:
Badbea Clearance
Village in Sutherland.
Badbea is
one of the few ruined villages which are easily accessible to the public, being
located close to the A9 highway, north of Helmsdale, on the cliff tops of
Berriedale on the east coast of Caithness in the Scottish Highlands.
Badbea
was occupied from around 1770 to 1911. A brief chronology is as follows:
- 1793: Sir John Sinclair evicted eighty of his tenants from the Langwell Estate.
- 1804: James Anderson evicted tenants from Ausdale.
- 1830: Donald Home moved families from Auchencraig to Badbea.
- 1840s: Donald Home evicted families from Badbea to make room for new arrivals.
Strathnavar Museum near Bettyhill, Caithness
This small museum is a ‘must’ for visitors wishing to connect with their personal ancestry in the region and/or social and wider history of the area.
Key aspects:
- The museum is based in a redundant Presbyterian Church.
- The surrounding burial ground contains a high percentage of burials of persons named Mackay.
- Inside, displays are focused on social history, including the Highland Clearances, and Clan Mackay.
- Outside the museum can be found a re-located burial cist from the Bronze Age (2100 to 750 BC) and a Pictish-era carved stone ( 8th/9th centuries AD) thus indicating a long period of human occupation in the area.
Comments
Post a Comment